A band is taken by number, so this is a function rather than a property. What the band then knows about itself is a property of the band; see GDALRasterBand.
Examples
ds <- gdal_open(system.file("extdata/test.tif", package = "GDAL7"))
get_raster_band(ds, 1)
#> <GDALRasterBand>
#> Band: 1
#> Size: 20 x 10
#> Type: Int16
#> Block size: 20 x 10
#> NoData: -32768
#> Color: Gray
gdal_close(ds)